Month: June 2010

  • A jumbo jellyfish from the space?

    Look at this picture:

     

    Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA

    You may guest - it is a jellyfish in a fish tank or somewhere in the ocean. Actually, it is a "jellyfish" from the space! Please, read the following information adapted from NASA for the explanation:

    Jumbo Jellyfish or Massive Star?

    Some might see a blood-red jellyfish in a forest of seaweed, while others might see a big, red eye or a pair of lips. In fact, the red-colored object in this new infrared image from NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) is a sphere of stellar innards, blown out from a humongous star.

    The star (white dot in center of red ring) is one of the most massive stellar residents of our Milky Way galaxy. Objects like this are called Wolf-Rayet stars, after the astronomers who found the first few, and they make our sun look puny by comparison. Called V385 Carinae, this star is 35 times as massive as our sun, with a diameter nearly 18 times as large. It's hotter, too, and shines with more than one million times the amount of light.

    Fiery candles like this burn out quickly, leading short lives of only a few million years. As they age, they blow out more and more of the heavier atoms cooking inside them -- atoms such as oxygen that are needed for life as we know it.

    The material is puffed out into clouds like the one that glows brightly in this WISE image. In this case, the hollow sphere showed up prominently only at the longest of four infrared wavelengths detected by WISE. Astronomers speculate this infrared light comes from oxygen atoms, which have been stripped of some of their electrons by ultraviolet radiation from the star. When the electrons join up again with the oxygen atoms, light is produced that WISE can detect with its 22-micron infrared light detector. The process is similar to what happens in fluorescent light bulbs.

    Infrared light detected by WISE at 12 microns is colored green, while 3.4- and 4.6-micron light is blue. The green, kelp-looking material is warm dust, and the blue dots are stars in our Milky Way galaxy.

    This image mosaic is made up of about 300 overlapping frames, taken as WISE continues its survey of the entire sky -- an expansive search, sure to turn up more fascinating creatures swimming in our cosmic ocean.

    V385 Carinae is located in the Carina constellation, about 16,000 light-years from Earth

    SOURCE  NASA.gov

    http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20100617.html

  • 有人恐嚇強姦 劉慧卿

    網民恐嚇強姦 劉慧卿報警 2010-06-16 【明報專訊】

    有網民在「香港人網」發表恐嚇民主黨劉慧卿的言論,稱要「強姦劉慧卿」,呼籲網民加入。


    Image source:
    http://hant.divineshows.com/files/2007/images/stories/misc_images/vip/hk/hk_emily-lau.jpg

    劉慧卿譴責網民做法,由於感到人生安全受威脅。其中一個題目原文是英文,經翻譯後是「強姦劉慧卿,請參加」,另一個是「與劉慧卿性交」。劉慧卿已到警務處備案,要求警方處理和 跟進。
    http://www2.news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/2/1/1/1549824/1.html

    ____________________________

    .....        萬一, "人家"話"要", 你俾唔俾? 大家不要亂寫野!

  • Sun's strange behavior - Solar Flare 太陽暴

    Solar Flare - 太陽表面的風暴或噴發熾熱氣體的現象。

    美國科學家警告,地球有可能在2012年9月遭遇「超級太陽風暴」襲擊,並造成大面積停電,北美、歐洲、中國等地無一倖免。屆時,手機網絡可能癱瘓、互聯網崩潰、沒有任何信號的電視機如同廢物,而收音機將只能聽到一連串的靜電噪音。英國    《新科學家》雜誌去年一篇報道指出,屆時太陽表面噴發出的高能量粒子會影響地球磁場,90秒鐘內能損毁300座變壓站,單是美國便有130萬人沒有電力供應。http://hk.news.yahoo.com/article/100512/4/hyn3.html

    What is a Solar Flare? A flare is defined as a sudden, rapid, and intense variation in brightness. A solar flare occurs when magnetic energy that has built up in the solar atmosphere is suddenly released. Radiation is emitted across virtually the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves at the long wavelength end, through optical emission to x-rays and gamma rays at the short wavelength end. The amount of energy released is the equivalent of millions of 100-megaton hydrogen bombs exploding at the same time! The first solar flare recorded in astronomical literature was on September 1, 1859.

    Two scientists, Richard C. Carrington and Richard Hodgson, were independently observing sunspots at the time, when they viewed a large flare in white light. As the magnetic energy is being released, particles, including electrons, protons, and heavy nuclei, are heated and accelerated in the solar atmosphere. The energy released during a flare is typically on the order of 1027 ergs per second. Large flares can emit up to 1032 ergs of energy. This energy is ten million times greater than the energy released from a volcanic explosion. On the other hand, it is less than one-tenth of the total energy emitted by the Sun every second. There are typically three stages to a solar flare. First is the precursor stage, where the release of magnetic energy is triggered. Soft x-ray emission is detected in this stage. In the second or impulsive stage, protons and electrons are accelerated to energies exceeding 1 MeV. During the impulsive stage, radio waves, hard x-rays, and gamma rays are emitted. The gradual build up and decay of soft x-rays can be detected in the third, decay stage. The duration of these stages can be as short as a few seconds or as long as an hour.

    Solar flares extend out to the layer of the Sun called the corona. The corona is the outermost atmosphere of the Sun, consisting of highly rarefied gas. This gas normally has a temperature of a few million degrees Kelvin. Inside a flare, the temperature typically reaches 10 or 20 million degrees Kelvin, and can be as high as 100 million degrees Kelvin. The corona is visible in soft x-rays, as in the above image. Notice that the corona is not uniformly bright, but is concentrated around the solar equator in loop-shaped features. These bright loops are located within and connect areas of strong magnetic field called active regions. Sunspots are located within these active regions. Solar flares occur in active regions.

    The Earth may be hit with unprecedented levels of magnetic energy from solar flares after the Sun wakes “from a deep slumber” sometime around 2013. Every 22 years the Sun’s magnetic energy cycle peaks while the number of sun spots – or flares – hits a maximum level every 11 years.


    Composite image of multiple solar flares on the sun Image credit: JAXA


    On Aug. 22, 2005, a pair of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) blasted off the Sun and headed toward Earth. The active region, known as AR 798, is located in the lower right corner of the image. The CMEs were associated with relatively small solar flares. NOAA reports that another flare is possible in Region 798.

    The super storm would hit like “a bolt of lightning” and could cause catastrophic consequences for the world’s health, emergency services and national security unless precautions are taken. It may possibly damage everything from emergency services’ systems, hospital equipment, banking systems and air traffic control devices, through to “everyday” items such as home computers, iPods and Sat Navs.

    More Information:
    http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/7819201/Nasa-warns-solar-flares-from-huge-space-storm-will-cause-devastation.html
    http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/flare.htm

  • Life forms in Saturn's moon - Titan

    美國科學家克萊格‧文特爾20日宣布成功制造出人造細胞“辛西婭”之後,引起全世界的震動。現在, 在科學界又一新發現: 根據美國太空總署的土星探測船卡西尼號(Cassini)傳返地球的信息,科學家發現,土星最大的衛星土衛六,即是泰坦(Titan),存在原始生命體。 泰坦有大氣層,且地表有山脈、湖泊與河流,被視為太陽系中與地球最相似的星體。

    科學家分析泰坦表面的流體並不是水,而是甲烷,亦即是生命體的基礎;另外,科學家亦發現,氫氣經泰坦的大氣層向下流動,最後在地表上消失,這顯示可能有蟲 類在呼吸,而泰坦表面亦缺乏某些特定的化學物(如乙炔),代表可能是被生命體消耗掉了。綜合以上兩點,科學家推測,泰坦上的確存有外星生命,但這種生命可 能是一種不靠水維生的生命形式。

    科學家結合前述兩個現象,認為是以甲烷為基礎的生命體存在的兩個必要條件,而當太陽提供的熱能與溫暖足夠時,泰坦生命體出現的過程會被啟 動。科學家還大膽預言,當40億年之後,太陽膨脹成紅巨星吞掉地球,並且提供泰坦足夠的熱能時,宇宙裡生命的天堂就將不再是地球,而是泰坦衛星了。

    但這只是觀察, 泰坦有生命與否, 還未有實質証據, 結論尚早!  不過, 只少比山上"挪亞方舟"的"証據", "泰坦生命"則實在得多!

    http://www.metrohk.com.hk/index.php?cmd=detail&id=136326
    http://news.chinatimes.com/world/0,5246,50403714x112010060600166,00.html
    http://iservice.libertytimes.com.tw/liveNews/news.php?no=373102&type=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B



    The temperatures on Titan are around -170ºC; water is frozen on Titan's surface. Other liquid medium is needed for living processes; one candidate is liquid methane. Recently, the data returned by NASA's Cassini spacecraft suggested that hydrogen was flowing down through Titan's atmosphere and disappearing at the surface!

    Scientists speculate that hydrogen is being consumed by life. It has been estimated a hydrogen flow down to the surface at a rate of about 10,000 trillion molecules per second. The rate is very fast; hydrogen is very light; it buoys. In addition, acetylene was found to be absent on Titan's surface, acetylene is a compound that could be used as food by life that relies on liquid methane instead of liquid water to live.

    It is exciting but we should consider biological explanations as the last option to explain this phenomenon. Please, bear in mind that this observation is not proof. But, it is good enough for me to have a fantasy thought!

    For details, please, read http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37556728/ns/technology_and_science-space/ ------------

    後加:

    氫氣是很輕, 理應向上升, 正如氫氣球, 但泰坦的氫氣是向下流動,
    "非生命因素"很難解析此情況, 反看地球上的氧氣是有遁還的 (Oxygen Cycle), 很可能泰坦地上或海洋裡有生物把大量氫氣吸敢, 以令致大量氫氣向下流動.

  • 誰的大騙局?
      ——評錢錕《生物學歷史上最大的騙局》

    ‧方舟子

      原教旨基督教雜誌《海外校園》在今年四月份第四十期刊登了一篇錢錕博士撰寫的攻擊進化論的宣傳文章《生物學歷史上最大的騙局》,為了強調其權威性,文後介紹說:

      「本文作者現居舊金山,為著名美籍華裔生物學教授,曾任舊金山大學生物系主任多年,現為該系教授。」

      一位「著名生物學教授」居然會否定生物學的核心理論,大概會讓一些不明真相的讀者感到困惑,以為生物學界對進化論的正確性還有爭議,因此我有必 要先澄清一下:錢錕雖然是「生物學教授」,他的專業事實上並不是生物學,而是環境毒物學。舊金山大學是一所三流的大學(不要跟一流的加州大學舊金山分校搞 混了),這種大學基本上不做科學研究,而且它還是一所天主教耶穌會的教會學校。錢錕(P.K. Chien)從1970年讀研究生到現在30年間,總共只在我從未聽說過的刊物上發表過九篇毒物學論文。很顯然,其「著名」,並非是學術上的。那麼他又著 名在哪裡呢?就著名在掛著「生物學教授」的招牌攻擊進化論。現在他也頻頻到中國活動宣傳神創論。比如幾年前中國召開一次關於雲南澄江化石群的學術討論會, 雖然古生物學和錢錕的專業相差了十萬八千里,他也跑去參加,在會上散布反進化論的言論(見錢錕《動物大爆炸——向進化論挑戰的澄江化石群》)。在這篇文章 中,他聲稱:

      「筆者1999年暑期在中國曾接受北京某出版社副編的專訪,其中問及人和魚的胚胎比較。我建議在中學課本中刪除海克爾的圖畫。據說這項更正在兩年內可能完成。若果真如此,中國在教材上的改進要跑在英、美的前面。」

      出版社要出課本,對人和魚的胚胎比較問題,不去問胚胎學家、發育生物學家或動物學家,卻去問一位毒物學家,豈非怪事?此事如果屬實,說明錢錕已在中國出版界有一定影響,有可能通過中國出版界傳播其神創論信仰誤人子弟,值得我們的警惕。

      在《生物學歷史上最大的騙局》這篇文章中,錢錕試圖讓讀者相信,不同脊椎動物早期胚胎極其相似一直被當作進化論的一個證據,而這乃是十九世紀德 國動物學家海克爾炮製的一個騙局。錢錕自稱是根據里查遜(M.K. Richardson)等人的研究,列了幾篇參考文獻,真可謂句句有出處了。他大概沒想到其讀者會去查對這些參考文獻吧。我查對了以後,發現出入很大。事 實上,我有理由懷疑錢錕本人很可能根本沒讀或者讀不懂里查遜的原始論文,而是根據外行記者的報道、美國神創論者的謠言和自己的想像「揭發」。他繪聲繪色地 說:

      「原來當年海克爾還在德國Jena大學任教期間,他偽造的這些假圖就已經被人揭發。李察遜為了證實這是遮掩了一百多年的騙局,親自到Jena大學去查史料。不出所料,海克爾當年被同事指控,他不但承認偽造,並且被判有罪(同注3)。」

      這事如果是真的,倒是相當有說服力的:史料表明連海克爾本人都認錯。可惜這完全是捏造出來的,捏造者就是錢錕本人!錢錕文後注明根據英國《新科 學家》的報道(New Scientist 155: 23 (1997))。但是那篇不到半頁的報道根本就沒有提到里查遜本人去查史料發現海克爾被判有罪。對這個說法,報道中未提供消息來源。德國Freiburg 大學動物學教授Klaus Sander曾調查此事,詢問了報道「海克爾被判有罪」的兩家英國報刊的資料來源,《泰晤士報》答覆說是來自一本神創論的宣傳物,裡面並未列出出處;《新 科學家》則沒有回音。因此Sander得出結論說:「因為就我們說知,沒有任何可信賴的歷史資料提到海克爾被認定有罪,所以我們的結論是,這種宣稱是根據 傳聞,而非事實。」(Science 281:347-351 (1998))隨後,里查遜本人給《科學》寫信,稱自己是看了英國報刊的報道才聽說「海克爾被認定有罪」,未去查找原始出處就在另一篇文章中引用,無意中 傳播了一個神創論的鬼話(Science 281: 1285j (1998))。請問錢錕是在哪裡看來的里查遜親查史料?

      錢錕「綜述」里查遜等人的發現說:「海克爾到底動了什麼樣的手腳,以便將人的胚胎畫得像魚一樣呢?原來他將人胚胎的鼻子、心臟、肝臟等大部份的 內臟,及手、腳的胚芽都挖掉,再加長脊椎成尾巴!經過如此刪改,想要它像什麼都可以了。」我查對了錢錕列出的出處、里查遜等人發表在《解剖與胚胎學》上的 論文(Anatomy & Embryology 196: 91-106 (1997)),裡面並沒有說海克爾是怎麼動手腳的。這些是錢錕本人的發現,硬給加到里查遜頭上。里查遜在原文中只指出了海克爾的三點「不精確和疏忽」: 一,未包括那些較不相似的物種;二,未注明所用標本的學名、來源和胚胎期;三,將所有脊椎動物最早期胚胎的鰓弓區域畫成實際上完全相同,而事實上存在相當 的差異。

      錢錕還說:「從那圖畫看來,人的胚胎在第一期『魚』的階段真好像有鰓,並且還有長長的尾巴呢!」言下之意是海克爾的圖畫既然被發現不精確,那麼 人的胚胎第一期就沒有鰓和尾巴,而事實上里查遜等人的論文並沒有得出這個結論。人的胚胎早期有鰓裂和尾巴,是一個公認的事實。在這一階段,人的胚胎不僅外 形像魚,內臟也像魚,比如有動脈弓,心臟僅有兩腔。

      錢錕還「綜述」說:「李察遜就此得出驚人結論,即『海克爾的胚胎』是生物學上最『著名』的騙局。」我仔細閱讀了里查遜等人的原始論文,裡面並沒 有這個聳人聽聞的結論。里查遜等人的立場,清楚地表達在他們就此事給《科學》寫的另一封信中(Science 280: 983 (1998))。這封信對此事的前因後果敘述甚詳,我不妨大段地摘譯:

      「在一次全國性直播的電視辯論中,我們的工作被用於攻擊進化論,攻擊者並聲稱進化論無法解釋胚胎學。我們強烈地反對這種觀點。胚胎學的證據完全 符合達爾文進化論。海克爾著名的繪圖是神創論者使之出名的。其早期版本顯示了脊椎動物的不同物種的早期胚胎看上去實際上完全相同(方按:里查遜在另一處 說,海克爾繪圖的後來版本更為準確。這說明海克爾自己後來更正了錯誤)。海克爾基本上是對的:所有的脊椎動物都發育出一個相似的身體藍圖(由神經管、體 節、咽囊等等組成)。這種共同的發育程序反映了共同的進化史。它也與最近大量的證據相符,這些證據表明不同動物的發育是由共同的遺傳機制控制的。」

      「不幸的是,海克爾熱情過頭。我們將他的繪圖與實際胚胎相比後,發現有許多細節並不正確。他沒有顯示物種之間的顯著差異,雖然他的理論允許這種 胚胎變異。例如,我們發現他沒有顯示在胚胎的體積、外形和體節數上的差異。這並沒有否定達爾文進化論。恰恰相反,在脊椎動物胚胎中的既相似又有差異的混合 特徵,反映了源自同一個共同祖先的發育機制的進化變化。」

      「我們認為海克爾正確地顯示了物種之間的差異隨著發育而增加。他也正確地顯示了人類和其他真獸類哺乳動物的最早期胚胎存在很強的相似性。然而,他錯誤地暗示,在脊椎動物的早期胚胎中實際上不存在進化變化。」

      「通過比較不同脊椎動物的發育時間順序部分地支持了這些結論。這項工作表明,在人類和其他真獸類哺乳動物的胚胎發育順序中存在強烈的相關性,但 是人類和某些『低等』脊椎動物的相關性較弱。海克爾不精確的工作損害了他的聲譽,但並沒有使得支持達爾文進化論的無數已發表的證據失效。諷刺的是,如果海 克爾能夠精確地描繪胚胎,他用於支持進化論的兩個有效的論點,將會更好地顯示出來。」

      由此可見,堂堂「著名生物學教授」是如何為一己之信仰歪曲別人的成果和捏造事實、傳播謠言的。錢錕還說:「在科學探討中,動物『同源的假 設』(不是已證的事實),完全可用『同一設計』的理論模式代替。」「同一設計說」在十八、十九世紀曾一度流行,乍看有些道理,但根本經不起推敲,漏洞百 出,所以在十九世紀下半葉在生物學界就已基本無人相信,而被進化論所取代。必須將「設計者」(神)設想成是一位拙劣的、惡作劇的工程師,「同一設計說」才 能成立。

      最後我想說明兩點事實:一,脊椎動物早期胚胎的高等相似性,並不是海克爾首先發現的。拉斯克(Rathke)在19世紀20年代首先發現了脊椎 動物在胚胎發育過程中都經過類似魚的階段。麥克爾(Meckel)稍後歸納出了一條定律:高等動物的胚胎在發育過程中,基本上逐步經過類似低等動物的階 段。實驗胚胎學的創始人馮‧貝爾又歸納出「馮‧貝爾定律」,認為胚胎發育是一個從簡單到複雜,從同質到異質,從普遍到特殊的過程。達爾文在《物種起源》中 就已將胚胎相似性做為進化論的最有力的證據。以後海克爾才提出重演律,認為胚胎發育在重演物種的進化史。因此,神創論者因為海克爾的繪圖有錯就試圖推翻胚 胎相似性的事實,是徒勞的。儘管現在還有一些生物學教科書照抄海克爾的繪圖,但也有一些另外繪製,甚至用實物照片。我手頭的教科書中,這三種情形都存在。 我同意我們不應該再沿用海克爾不精確的繪圖。二,進入二十世紀以後,海克爾的重演律逐漸被拋棄,原因是生物學家早就發現胚胎發育並不像海克爾所設想的那樣 嚴格重演進化史,而且分子生物學也一度無法解釋胚胎發育為什麼會重演進化史。但是,近十幾年來,隨著發育生物學研究的深入,發現幾乎所有的動物的發育過程 都由相同的遺傳機制控制,海克爾的重演律又部分復活了。事實上,我們現在已能夠用分子生物學的方法在胚胎發育過程中重演某些大進化現象,例如讓魚鰭生出趾 頭(Nature 375:678-681(1995)) ,讓雞腿變成翅膀或相反(Science 283: 1615-6 (1999))。無論是海克爾的過失,還是神創論者的誹謗,都抹殺不了他對生物學的傑出貢獻。

      2000.5.4.

    http://www.xys.org/xys/netters/Fang-Zhouzi/evolution/Haeckel.txtWikipedia


    方舟子


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    Original Article:

    http://hk.myblog.yahoo.com/sowhat2002002/article?mid=562&suc=1

    佢只有數篇research articles, 何以是著名? About three years, there was a talk show at a local Chinese radio station at San Francisco. The D.J. asked him if he knew "egg first or hen first"; this guy couldn't even answer the question. I felt sorry for his students at SFU.