A week ago, somebody asked me how good pycnogenol was. I checked with Pubmed and I believe, pycnogenol can be a good candidates for muliple diseases. Here is a summary of the reports in the year of 2009:
Allergy
Study 1: Rats (anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis)
Result: PYC dose-dependently reduced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) triggered by anti-DNP IgE. PYC inhibited the protein expression and secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in anti-DNP IgE-stimulated RPMC. IgE-dependent mast cell activation is known to be associated with the allergic diseases.
Alzheimer's disease / Cognitive Deficits
Study 1: Rats
Result: Pretreatment with pycnogenol and vitamin E produced a significantly enhanced glutathione level and Na/K-ATPase activity and decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and protein carbonyl. Thus, pycnogenol combined with vitamin E may help to prevent Alzheimer’s disease in rats.
Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Study 1: Human, Children with ADHD
Result: Pycnogenol improved ratios of trace elements and clinical symptoms of ADHD.
Cancer
Study: U1285 human lung carcinoma cells
Result: The presence of Pycnogenol efficiently decreased selenite-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Addition of pycnogenol after selenite treatment reduced the mRNA expression and activity of thioredoxin reductase to basal levels. Thioredoxin reductase is one of the three central redox enzymes that are active in endogenous defense against oxidative stress in the cell. It is induced in various conditions such as tumors and inflammatory conditions.
Diabetes
Study 1: Rats.
Result: Pycnogenol corrected diabetic cardiac dysfunction.
Study 2: Human, Patients
Result: Pycnogenol improved visual acuity by enhancing retinal blood circulation in diabetic patients at preproliferative stages of retinopathy. [3]
Study 3: streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats
Result: Pycnogenol significantly decreased elevated levels of preprandial glycaemia (glucose in blood) in treated animals at all doses. The effect of pycnogenol on postprandial glycaemic levels and MNCV was not dose-dependent.
Hemorrhoidal Attacks, Acute
Study 1: Human, 84 Patients
Result: Pycnogenol showed effective to control the hemorrhoidal attacks.
Infertility
Study: Infertile Patients
Result: Treatment with a combination of l-arginine aspartate and pycnogenol increased significantly the semen volume, concentration of spermatozoa, percentage of motile spermatozoa and percentage of spermatozoa.
Inflammation
Study 1 Rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation
Result: Pycnogenol inhibited paw swelling dose-dependently.
Study 2: Healthy Human
Result: Pycnogenol supplementation simultaneously inhibits COX-2 and 5-LOX gene expression and reduces leukotriene biosynthesis in human PMNL upon pro-inflammatory stimulation ex vivo.
Kidney Injury
Study 1: Rats with ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative renal damage.
Result: Pycnogenol exerted renoprotective effects, via its free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities and the involvement of the inhibition of tissue neutrophil infiltration.
Study 2: Rats
Result: Pycnogenol is effective in preventing K2Cr2O7-induced oxidative mediated nephrotoxicity.
Liver, Fatty (Hepatic Steatosis)
Study 1: NMuLi mouse liver nonparenchymal cell line
Result: Fatty acids stimulate lipid accumulation in parallel with increased expression of
adipose differentiation-related protein in liver cells. In the study, pycnogenol reduced the adipose differentiation-related protein mRNA half-life in part by facilitating mRNA degradation. Pycnogenol may prevent excessive lipid accumulation in liver cells.
Memory Function
Study: Orchidectomized rats
Result: Pycnogenol increased the NGF content in the hippocampus and cortex, and improved the spatial memory impairment in castrated (androgen-deficient) rats.
Reference:
[1] Belcaro G, et al. Pycnogenol((R)) treatment of acute hemorrhoidal episodes. Phytother Res. 2009 Dec 29. [2] Klimas J, et al Pycnogenol((R)) improves left ventricular function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. Phytother Res. 2009 Dec 2. [3] Steigerwalt R, et al, Pycnogenol improves microcirculation, retinal edema, and visual acuity in early diabetic retinopathy. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Dec;25(6):537-40. [4] Viktorinova A, et al, Natural polyphenols modify trace element status and improve clinical symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biomed Pharmacother. 2009 Oct 20 [5] Ozer Sehirli A, et al. Protective effects of pycnogenol against ischemia reperfusion-induced oxidative renal injury in rats. Ren Fail. 2009;31(8):690-7. [6] Parveen K, et al, Pycnogenol prevents potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7-induced oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Oct 30;181(3):343-50. Epub 2009 Aug 7. [7] Ishrat T et al, Effects of Pycnogenol and vitamin E on cognitive deficits and oxidative damage induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in rats. Behav Pharmacol. 2009 Aug 3. [8] Ince I et al, Effects of Pinus brutia bark extract and Pycnogenol in a rat model of carrageenan induced inflammation. Phytomedicine. 2009 Dec;16(12):1101-4. Epub 2009 Jul 3. [9] Canali R et al, The anti-inflammatory pharmacology of Pycnogenol in humans involves COX-2 and 5-LOX mRNA expression in leukocytes. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009 Sep;9(10):1145-9. Epub 2009 Jun 7. [10] Choi YH, Yan GH. Pycnogenol inhibits immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic response in mast cells. Phytother Res. 2009 Dec;23(12):1691-5. [11] Fan B, et al, Oleic acid-induced ADRP expression requires both AP-1 and PPAR response elements, and is reduced by Pycnogenol through mRNA degradation in NMuLi liver cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jul;297(1):E112-23. Epub 2009 Apr 21. [12] Jankyova S, et al, Pycnogenol efficiency on glycaemia, motor nerve conduction velocity and markers of oxidative stress in mild type diabetes in rats. Phytother Res. 2009 Aug;23(8):1169-74. [13] Hasegawa N, Mochizuki M. Improved effect of Pycnogenol on impaired spatial memory function in partial androgen deficiency rat model. . Phytother Res. 2009 Jun;23(6):840-3. [14] Stanislavov R, et al Improvement of seminal parameters with Prelox: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Phytother Res. 2009 Mar;23(3):297-302. [15] Gandin V, Effects of the antioxidant Pycnogenol on cellular redox systems in U1285 human lung carcinoma cells. FEBS J. 2009 Jan;276(2):532-40. Epub 2008 Dec 10.
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